Due to illegal mining and improper approvals, rivers in Ecuador’s Napo basin and other areas have seen severe contamination with heavy metals including copper, lead, arsenic, cadmium, and cyanide. This pollution has endangered the health of over 100,000 residents along the waterways, causing illnesses and miscarriages among pregnant women. Although the government has suspended operations in affected mining zones, illegal mining persists, limiting the effectiveness of pollution control efforts.

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