Many European cities are “besieged” by air pollution during the winter season

During the winter heating season, air pollution indices were exceeded in some European cities such as Krakow in Poland and Prague in the Czech Republic. The main pollutants are fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and nitrogen oxides, etc. These pollutants cause damage to the human respiratory and cardiovascular systems, leading to an increase in the incidence of respiratory diseases, heart diseases, etc., and seriously affecting the health and quality of life of residents.