A study conducted by the National University of Singapore in August 2025 found that the surfaces of microplastics at Changi Beach were colonized by over 400 types of bacteria, with one-third of them being pathogenic, including Vibrio corallivorus, which causes coral bleaching, and Toxoplasma gondii, which triggers gastroenteritis in humans. Once ingested by marine organisms, these microplastics may transmit pathogens to humans through the food chain.

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